Genetic factors in embryonic development

Justyna Izdebska^*
*Correspondence: Justyna Izdebska, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Email:

Received: 04-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. IJAP-22-97680; Editor assigned: 07-Nov-2022, Pre QC No. IJAP-232-97680 (PQ); Reviewed: 21-Nov-2022, QC No. IJAP-22-97680; Revised: 28-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. IJAP-232-97680 (PQ); Published: 05-Dec-2022

About the Study

Embryology is the study of the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to the formation of the organs and systems. It is an essential part of the field of biology as it helps to understand the growth and development of living organisms (Bedzhov I, et al., 2014).

Development of a human embryo

Embryology is crucial in the understanding of the growth and development of living organisms. It involves the study of how a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fully formed organism with all its organs and systems (Blakeley P, et al., 2015). The study of embryology helps to explain why organisms have different shapes, sizes, and functions. Embryology is also essential in understanding the causes and mechanisms of genetic disorders and congenital anomalies. Moreover, embryology is an important field of research as it provides the foundation for developing new treatments for genetic diseases and other medical conditions (Boroviak T, et al., 2015).

The process of development of a human embryo is a complex and fascinating journey. It starts with fertilization, which occurs when a sperm cell penetrates the outer layer of the egg cell. This results in the formation of a zygote, which is the first cell of a new organism (Boroviak T, et al., 2018). The zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then develops into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The blastula consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and an inner cell mass, which will develop into the embryo.

The next stage of development is gastrulation, which involves the formation of three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The endoderm gives rise to the digestive system and respiratory system, while the mesoderm forms the musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, and kidneys (Bredenkamp N, et al., 2019). The ectoderm forms the skin, nervous system, and sensory organs. During the process of gastrulation, the inner cell mass of the blastula invaginates, forming a structure called the primitive streak. The primitive streak serves as a signalling center for the formation of the germ layers. Cells from the epiblast, the upper layer of the inner cell mass, migrate through the primitive streak to form the mesoderm and endoderm (Bredenkamp N, et al., 2019). The ectoderm is formed from the remaining epiblast cells. After the formation of the germ layers, organogenesis begins. This involves the differentiation of the germ layers into specific cell types and the formation of organs and systems. For example, the heart is formed from the mesoderm, and the brain and spinal cord are formed from the ectoderm. The development of the human embryo is a complex and coordinated process that is regulated by a variety of signalling pathways and genetic factors (Deglincerti A, et al., 2016). One important signalling pathway is the Wnt pathway, which is involved in the formation of the primitive streak and the differentiation of the germ layers. Another important signalling pathway is the Notch pathway, which is involved in the differentiation of the neural crest cells, which give rise to the peripheral nervous system (Dobin A, et al., 2013).

Genetic factors also play a crucial role in embryonic development. For example, mutations in the homeobox genes can lead to abnormalities in the formation of the body plan. Mutations in the sonic hedgehog gene can cause holoprosencephaly, a condition where the forebrain fails to divide properly during embryonic development. Embryology is an essential field of study that helps us to understand the development of living organisms. The process of development of a human embryo is a complex and fascinating journey that involves the formation of germ layers, the differentiation of cell types, and the formation of organs and systems (Guo G, et al., 2016).

References

1. Bedzhov I, Zernicka-Goetz M (2014). Self-organizing properties of mouse pluripotent cells initiate morphogenesis upon implantation. Cell.156 (5):1032â??1044.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

2. Blakeley P, Fogarty NM, Del Valle I, Wamaitha SE, Hu TX, Elder K, Snell P,et al (2015). Defining the three cell lineages of the human blastocyst by single-cell RNA-seq. Development.142 (18):3151â??3165.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

3. Boroviak T, Loos R, Lombard P, Okahara J, Behr R, Sasaki E, Nichols J, et al(2015). Lineage-Specific Profiling Delineates the Emergence and Progression of Naive Pluripotency in Mammalian Embryogenesis. Dev. Cell.35(3):366â??382.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

4. Boroviak T, Stirparo GG, Dietmann S, Hernando-Herraez I, Mohammed H, Reik W, Smith A,et al (2018). Single cell transcriptome analysis of human, marmoset and mouse embryos reveals common and divergent features of preimplantation development. Development. 145 (21):dev167833.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

5. Bredenkamp N, Stirparo GG, Nichols J, Smith A, Guo G (2019). The Cell-Surface Marker Sushi Containing Domain 2 Facilitates Establishment of Human Naive Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports. 12(6):1212â??1222.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

6. Bredenkamp N, Yang J, Clarke J, Stirparo GG, von Meyenn F, Dietmann S, Baker D, et al(2019). Wnt Inhibition Facilitates RNA-Mediated Reprogramming of Human Somatic Cells to Naive Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports.13 (6):1083â??1098.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

7. Deglincerti A, Croft GF, Pietila LN, Zernicka-Goetz M, Siggia ED, Brivanlou AH (2016). Self-organization of the in vitro attached human embryo. Nature. 533(7602):251â??254.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

8. Dobin A, Davis CA, Schlesinger F, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Jha S, Batut P, et al(2013).STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics. 29(1):15â??21.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]

9. Guo G, von Meyenn F, Santos F, Chen Y, Reik W, Bertone P, Smith A,et al (2016). Naive Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Directly from Isolated Cells of the Human Inner Cell Mass. Stem Cell Reports. 6(4):437â??446.

   [Crossref][Google Scholar][PubMed]