Overview of plant growth and development

Parlak Abate^*
*Correspondence: Parlak Abate, Department of Plant Sciences, South Valley University, Qena,, Egypt, Email:

Received: 03-Dec-2021 Published: 24-Dec-2021

Description

Plant development is a multi-phase process in which two distinct plant forms succeed one another in subsequent generations. For example, the sporophyte is a diploid form created by combining gametes. When the sporophyte matures, it produces haploid (single-chromosome) spores, which eventually grow into the gametophyte generation. When the gametophytes achieve sexual maturity, they produce haploid gametes, which combine to start a new cycle.

The balance of three cell activities, cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation, determines plant development. Plant development is a continuous process that begins with embryogenesis and the construction of the basic plant body and concludes with the regular generation of new organs following germination (roots, leaves, branches, and flowers). New cells are formed in specialised zones called meristems during a plant’s life, including self-renewing stem cells (SCs) that can commit to a range of developmental destiny. During plant development, cell differentiation is the process through which cells become specialised for a certain function. The ability of many differentiated plant cells to dedifferentiate and regenerate into whole plants, a phenomenon known as totipotency, is a fascinating trait of plants. Plants have a high level of plasticity, which allows them to adapt their growth to a changing environment.

Plants develop these tissues and structures throughout their lives from meristems found at the extremities of organs or between mature tissues. Buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers are crucial structures in plant growth. As a result, embryonic tissues are present in a living plant at all times. Plants are unusual in that they have the ability to grow indefinitely throughout their lives. The presence of meristems at specific sites throughout the plant’s body gives it this power.

Growth is split into three phases: meristematic, elongation, and maturity. Let’s take a peek at the root tips to see what we’re talking about. The meristematic phase of growth is represented by constantly dividing cells at both the root and shoot apex.

Plants generate various structures by following distinct paths in response to their environment or life stages. Plasticity is a term used to describe this characteristic, which can be seen in plants including cotton, coriander, and larkspur. The leaves of the juvenile plant are distinct in shape from those of the adult plant in such plants. The variation in shape of leaves produced in air against those produced in water in buttercup, on the other hand, represents heterophyllous development as a result of the environment.

Any live organism’s growth is one of the most visible phenomena. It is an unreversible rise in size, area, length, height, volume, cell number, and other factors. It is characterised by an increase in protoplasmic material. Meristems are the growth locations in plants. The elongation growth of plant axes is aided by root and shoot apical meristems, as well as the intercalary meristem. Higher plants have an unpredictable growth rate.

In any living thing, growth is one of the most noticeable phenomena. It’s a permanent increase in size, area, length, height, volume, cell number, and other factors. Increased protoplasmic material is prominently involved. Meristems are the locations where plants grow. The elongation growth of plant axes is aided by the root and shoot apical meristems, as well as the intercalary meristem. In higher plants, growth is unpredictably variable.